Rechargeable lithium metal batteries have been commercialized by Bolloré in the Bluecar program, and thin film batteries with low energy content were sold by Cymbet and others. Many inorganic materials families have been studied, including LiPON, lithium borohydride, glassy, semi-crystalline, and crystalline sulfides, NASICON structured phosphates, perovskites, anti-perovskites, and garnets. Inorganic-polymer composites have been studied to find a processable, flexible system. Solid polymer electrolytes such as poly-ethylene oxide (PEO) have been researched for decades but require high temperature, low voltage cathodes, and low current densities to reach reasonable cycle life and reliability. Research directions include high salt systems, additives or fluorine-containing electrolytes that form solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) layers on lithium, and encapsulating lithium inside protective shells. Efforts to improve performance center around the choice of electrolyte, since the electrolyte reaction with lithium dictates Coulombic efficiency, and the separator electrolyte must withstand dendrite formation. The primary challenges in developing practical rechargeable lithium metal batteries are low cell life due to low Coulombic efficiency, and poor reliability due to dendrite formation causing a short-circuit. Some rechargeable lithium metal batteries employ a liquid electrolyte and some employ a solid-state electrolyte.Ī rechargeable lithium metal battery was commercialized by Moli Energy (now known as E-One Moli Energy) in the 1980s, but after several cells caught fire, devices using Moli batteries were recalled and the company went into receivership. Several companies and many academic research groups are currently researching and developing rechargeable lithium metal batteries as they are considered a leading pathway for development beyond lithium-ion batteries. Rechargeable lithium metal batteries can have a long run time due to the high charge density of lithium. The high specific capacity of lithium metal (3,860 mAh g −1), very low redox potential (−3.040 V versus standard hydrogen electrode) and low density (0.59 g cm −3) make it the ideal anode material for high energy density battery technologies. They have metallic lithium as a negative electrode, sometimes referred to as the battery anode. Rechargeable lithium metal batteries are secondary lithium metal batteries.
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