![]() ![]() The park falls within the upper Gangetic plain, a vast alluvial plain with an altitude ranging from 150 m in the southeast to 182 m in the north. Located between the Himalayan foothills and the Gangetic plains, the region extends through Uttarakhand, northern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northwestern Bengal, Assam, and southern Nepal. The Terai ecosystem is one of the most threatened ecosystems in India. Dudhwa was established in 1958 as a wildlife sanctuary for swamp deer and became a tiger reserve in 1979. The total area of the national park is 490.29 km, located along the Indo-Nepal border in Kheri District. reproductive rate, fecundity, and inter-birth interval in the rhinos.ĭudhwa National Park is located in the Terai region of Uttar Pradesh. age-specific natality and mortality of rhinos, and 3. changes in the population size of rhinos in the Dudhwa National Park, 2. We attempted to answer the following questions: 1. We hypothesized that rhino survival, mortality, and natality varied by year, age, and gender during 1984–2021. It is necessary to understand the changes in the population size, mortality, natality pattern, survival rate, and fecundity essential for strategizing conservation measures. We have limited information on the rhino population demographics and life-history traits in India. By the nineteenth century, it was only found in these areas. The Terai grasslands of southern Nepal, northern Uttar Pradesh, northern Bihar, northern West Bengal, and the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam are the only places where it survives as a result of habitat destruction and climatic changes. The Terai and Brahmaputra basins are home to a large number of them due to their alluvial grasslands. It has also been eliminated from most of its former range due to uncontrolled fires and grasslands and swamps being reclaimed by expanding livestock and humans The Indian rhino once ranged throughout the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, along the Indus and Ganges river basins, and as far south as Bangladesh and the southern parts of Nepal and Bhutan. For over 200 years, the Indian rhinoceros has been eradicated from the majority of their former range of distribution due to overhunting, fragmentation of habitat caused by clearing of forests for cultivation, desperate agricultural use, and expansion of tea gardens. unicornis) was widely distributed from the Hindukush Mountain Range in Pakistan to Myanmar, and it also inhabited the Ganges floodplains. Previously, the greater one-horned rhinoceros ( R. This species is listed in CITES Appendix-I and is protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, as populations are fragmented and restricted to distributional areas of less than 20,000 km. The estimated population in India is around 3262 and is 752 in Nepal. ![]() ![]() Rhino has become extinct from Bhutan and Bangladesh with a decline in the population in their distributional range. They are also called the Indian rhino, greater one-horned rhinoceros, or great Indian rhinoceros (hereafter rhino), native to the Indian subcontinent (India and Nepal). Rhinos belong to the order Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates), which includes horses and tapirs. In the Indian megafauna, the greater one-horned rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicornis) is one of the five remaining species of rhinoceros of approximately thirty genera. The current estimated population of Indian rhinoceros is about 35–40 in Uttar Pradesh. According to their large body size, rhinos exhibit similar life-history traits to other large mammals, such as a slow onset of sexual maturity, few young, high inter-birth intervals, and fertility into old age. Observation of 10 adult females over 47 birth records revealed a higher fertility rate between 8 and 20 years, with a mean inter-birth interval of 4.3 years. Birth rate and mortality rate were 0.17/year and 0.05/year, respectively. The rhino population increased steadily in the Dudhwa NP and reached asymptote. ![]() Seven rhinos were brought from Assam and Nepal to start the seed population, including two males and five females. Based on secondary data collected from the study area (1984–2021), we analyzed the rhino population’s life-history traits. Having formerly been a habitat for Indian rhinos, Uttar Pradesh reintroduced them at Dudhwa National Park in 1984. Around 90% of rhinos are confined to Assam, along the Gangetic plains in northeastern India. Due to uncontrolled poaching and land degradation due to human intervention, they lost almost 80% of their natural habitat. India’s alluvial plains once supported the abundance of greater one-horned rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis hereafter rhino). ![]()
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